Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "
A. P. J."
Abdul Kalam (
i; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the
11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist
[clarification needed] turned reluctant politician, Kalam was born and raised in
Rameswaram,
Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the
next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at
the
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space program and military
missile development efforts.
[2] He thus came to be known as the
Missile Man of India for his work on the development of
ballistic missile and
launch vehicle technology.
[3][4][5] He also played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's
Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the
original nuclear test by India in 1974.
[6]
Kalam was elected President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling
Bharatiya Janata Party and the opposition
Indian National Congress.
After serving a term of five years, he returned to his civilian life of
education, writing and public service. He was a recipient of several
prestigious awards, including the
Bharat Ratna, India's highest
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